同じビット列が文字コードによってどんな文字に解釈されるか

ビット列:
2進表現  16進表現 
文字コードビット列表示される文字
ISO-8859-1001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111011011110011111100111111001111110011111111101110100001111001110111101111101111101000011011100101101011111010110011101111101111011011110111101000100100101001010000111111001111111110111010000001101010010011111100111111111001111000100010111110111011101000010110100101111001011010111010001101001111111110011110010110101111100011111111101110100000011010100100111111001111111110011110001000101111101110100110110000101100101110100110111001101111110011111111100101100011111011000100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111011011110011111100111111001111110011111111101110100001111001110111101111101111101000011011100101101011111010110011101111101111011011110111101000100100101001010000111111001111111110111010000001101010010011111100111111111001111000100010111110111011101000010110100101111001011010111010001101001111111110011110010110101111100011111111101110100000011010100100111111001111111110011110001000101111101110100110110000101100101110100110111001101111110011111111100101100011111011000100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111011011110011111100111111001111110011111111101110100001111001110111101111101111101000011011100101101011111010110011101111101111011011110111101000100100101001010000111111001111111110111010000001101010010011111100111111111001111000100010111110111011101000010110100101111001011010111010001101001111111110011110010110101111100011111111101110100000011010100100111111001111111110011110001000101111101110100110110000101100101110100110111001101111110011111111100101100011111011000100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111011011110011111100111111001111110011111111101110100001111001110111101111101111101000011011100101101011111010110011101111101111011011110111101000100100101001010000111111001111111110111010000001101010010011111100111111111001111000100010111110111011101000010110100101111001011010111010001101001111111110011110010110101111100011111111101110100000011010100100111111001111111110011110001000101111101110100110110000101100101110100110111001101111110011111111100101100011111011000100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110110111100111111001111110011111100111111111011101000011110011101111011111011111010000110111001011010111110101100111011111011110110111101111010001001001010010100001111110011111111101110100000011010100100111111001111111110011110001000101111101110111010000101101001011110010110101110100011010011111111100111100101101011111000111111111011101000000110101001001111110011111111100111100010001011111011101001101100001011001011101001101110011011111100111111111001011000111110110001001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110110111100111111001111110011111100111111111011101000011110011101111011111011111010000110111001011010111110101100111011111011110110111101111010001001001010010100001111110011111111101110100000011010100100111111001111111110011110001000101111101110111010000101101001011110010110101110100011010011111111100111100101101011111000111111111011101000000110101001001111110011111111100111100010001011111011101001101100001011001011101001101110011011111100111111111001011000111110110001001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111???????????????????????????o????ニ寬ス蒔????爾宍?疾???爾鰲鹿?叱????????????????????????????????????????o????ニ寬ス蒔????爾宍?疾???爾鰲鹿?叱????????????????????????????????????????????????????o????ニ寬ス蒔????爾宍?疾???爾鰲鹿?叱????????????????????????????????????????o????ニ寬ス蒔????爾宍?疾???爾鰲鹿?叱?????????????????????????????????????????????????????o????ニ寬ス蒔????爾宍?疾???爾鰲鹿?叱????????????????????????????????????????o????ニ寬ス蒔????爾宍?疾???爾鰲鹿?叱??????????????????????????????
SJIS-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???????????????????????????o????訒晢セ?ッャ?ス闥??﨟ゥ??辷セ蠇・螳?逍セ?﨟ゥ??辷セ魏イ鮖ソ?蜿ア????????????????????????????????????????o????訒晢セ?ッャ?ス闥??﨟ゥ??辷セ蠇・螳?逍セ?﨟ゥ??辷セ魏イ鮖ソ?蜿ア????????????????????????????????????????????????????o????訒晢セ?ッャ?ス闥??﨟ゥ??辷セ蠇・螳?逍セ?﨟ゥ??辷セ魏イ鮖ソ?蜿ア????????????????????????????????????????o????訒晢セ?ッャ?ス闥??﨟ゥ??辷セ蠇・螳?逍セ?﨟ゥ??辷セ魏イ鮖ソ?蜿ア?????????????????????????????????????????????????????o????訒晢セ?ッャ?ス闥??﨟ゥ??辷セ蠇・螳?逍セ?﨟ゥ??辷セ魏イ鮖ソ?蜿ア????????????????????????????????????????o????訒晢セ?ッャ?ス闥??﨟ゥ??辷セ蠇・螳?逍セ?﨟ゥ??辷セ魏イ鮖ソ?蜿ア??????????????????????????????
EUC-JP001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111011011110011111100111111001111110011111111101110100001111001110111101111101111101000011011100101101011111010110011101111101111011011110111101000100100101001010000111111001111111110111010000001101010010011111100111111111001111000100010111110111011101000010110100101111001011010111010001101001111111110011110010110101111100011111111101110100000011010100100111111001111111110011110001000101111101110100110110000101100101110100110111001101111110011111111100101100011111011000100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111011011110011111100111111001111110011111111101110100001111001110111101111101111101000011011100101101011111010110011101111101111011011110111101000100100101001010000111111001111111110111010000001101010010011111100111111111001111000100010111110111011101000010110100101111001011010111010001101001111111110011110010110101111100011111111101110100000011010100100111111001111111110011110001000101111101110100110110000101100101110100110111001101111110011111111100101100011111011000100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111011011110011111100111111001111110011111111101110100001111001110111101111101111101000011011100101101011111010110011101111101111011011110111101000100100101001010000111111001111111110111010000001101010010011111100111111111001111000100010111110111011101000010110100101111001011010111010001101001111111110011110010110101111100011111111101110100000011010100100111111001111111110011110001000101111101110100110110000101100101110100110111001101111110011111111100101100011111011000100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111011011110011111100111111001111110011111111101110100001111001110111101111101111101000011011100101101011111010110011101111101111011011110111101000100100101001010000111111001111111110111010000001101010010011111100111111111001111000100010111110111011101000010110100101111001011010111010001101001111111110011110010110101111100011111111101110100000011010100100111111001111111110011110001000101111101110100110110000101100101110100110111001101111110011111111100101100011111011000100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110110111100111111001111110011111100111111111011101000011110011101111011111011111010000110111001011010111110101100111011111011110110111101111010001001001010010100001111110011111111101110100000011010100100111111001111111110011110001000101111101110111010000101101001011110010110101110100011010011111111100111100101101011111000111111111011101000000110101001001111110011111111100111100010001011111011101001101100001011001011101001101110011011111100111111111001011000111110110001001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110110111100111111001111110011111100111111111011101000011110011101111011111011111010000110111001011010111110101100111011111011110110111101111010001001001010010100001111110011111111101110100000011010100100111111001111111110011110001000101111101110111010000101101001011110010110101110100011010011111111100111100101101011111000111111111011101000000110101001001111110011111111100111100010001011111011101001101100001011001011101001101110011011111100111111111001011000111110110001001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111???????????????????????????o??????鐓?絲?十????????嬢?ュ????????冗芦藕??????????????????????????????????????????o??????鐓?絲?十????????嬢?ュ????????冗芦藕??????????????????????????????????????????????????????o??????鐓?絲?十????????嬢?ュ????????冗芦藕??????????????????????????????????????????o??????鐓?絲?十????????嬢?ュ????????冗芦藕???????????????????????????????????????????????????????o??????鐓?絲?十????????嬢?ュ????????冗芦藕??????????????????????????????????????????o??????鐓?絲?十????????嬢?ュ????????冗芦藕????????????????????????????????
UTF-8001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111011011110011111100111111001111110011111111101110100001111001110111101111101111101000011011100101101011111010110011101111101111011011110111101000100100101001010000111111001111111110111010000001101010010011111100111111111001111000100010111110111011101000010110100101111001011010111010001101001111111110011110010110101111100011111111101110100000011010100100111111001111111110011110001000101111101110100110110000101100101110100110111001101111110011111111100101100011111011000100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111011011110011111100111111001111110011111111101110100001111001110111101111101111101000011011100101101011111010110011101111101111011011110111101000100100101001010000111111001111111110111010000001101010010011111100111111111001111000100010111110111011101000010110100101111001011010111010001101001111111110011110010110101111100011111111101110100000011010100100111111001111111110011110001000101111101110100110110000101100101110100110111001101111110011111111100101100011111011000100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111011011110011111100111111001111110011111111101110100001111001110111101111101111101000011011100101101011111010110011101111101111011011110111101000100100101001010000111111001111111110111010000001101010010011111100111111111001111000100010111110111011101000010110100101111001011010111010001101001111111110011110010110101111100011111111101110100000011010100100111111001111111110011110001000101111101110100110110000101100101110100110111001101111110011111111100101100011111011000100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111011011110011111100111111001111110011111111101110100001111001110111101111101111101000011011100101101011111010110011101111101111011011110111101000100100101001010000111111001111111110111010000001101010010011111100111111111001111000100010111110111011101000010110100101111001011010111010001101001111111110011110010110101111100011111111101110100000011010100100111111001111111110011110001000101111101110100110110000101100101110100110111001101111110011111111100101100011111011000100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110110111100111111001111110011111100111111111011101000011110011101111011111011111010000110111001011010111110101100111011111011110110111101111010001001001010010100001111110011111111101110100000011010100100111111001111111110011110001000101111101110111010000101101001011110010110101110100011010011111111100111100101101011111000111111111011101000000110101001001111110011111111100111100010001011111011101001101100001011001011101001101110011011111100111111111001011000111110110001001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110110111100111111001111110011111100111111111011101000011110011101111011111011111010000110111001011010111110101100111011111011110110111101111010001001001010010100001111110011111111101110100000011010100100111111001111111110011110001000101111101110111010000101101001011110010110101110100011010011111111100111100101101011111000111111111011101000000110101001001111110011111111100111100010001011111011101001101100001011001011101001101110011011111100111111111001011000111110110001001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111???????????????????????????o????ニ寬ス蒔????爾宍?疾???爾鰲鹿?叱????????????????????????????????????????o????ニ寬ス蒔????爾宍?疾???爾鰲鹿?叱????????????????????????????????????????????????????o????ニ寬ス蒔????爾宍?疾???爾鰲鹿?叱????????????????????????????????????????o????ニ寬ス蒔????爾宍?疾???爾鰲鹿?叱?????????????????????????????????????????????????????o????ニ寬ス蒔????爾宍?疾???爾鰲鹿?叱????????????????????????????????????????o????ニ寬ス蒔????爾宍?疾???爾鰲鹿?叱??????????????????????????????
UHC001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111011011110011111100111111001111110011111111101110100001111001110111101111101111101000011011100101101011111010110011101111101111011011110111101000100100101001010000111111001111111110111010000001101010010011111100111111111001111000100010111110111011101000010110100101111001011010111010001101001111111110011110010110101111100011111111101110100000011010100100111111001111111110011110001000101111101110100110110000101100101110100110111001101111110011111111100101100011111011000100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111011011110011111100111111001111110011111111101110100001111001110111101111101111101000011011100101101011111010110011101111101111011011110111101000100100101001010000111111001111111110111010000001101010010011111100111111111001111000100010111110111011101000010110100101111001011010111010001101001111111110011110010110101111100011111111101110100000011010100100111111001111111110011110001000101111101110100110110000101100101110100110111001101111110011111111100101100011111011000100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111011011110011111100111111001111110011111111101110100001111001110111101111101111101000011011100101101011111010110011101111101111011011110111101000100100101001010000111111001111111110111010000001101010010011111100111111111001111000100010111110111011101000010110100101111001011010111010001101001111111110011110010110101111100011111111101110100000011010100100111111001111111110011110001000101111101110100110110000101100101110100110111001101111110011111111100101100011111011000100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111011011110011111100111111001111110011111111101110100001111001110111101111101111101000011011100101101011111010110011101111101111011011110111101000100100101001010000111111001111111110111010000001101010010011111100111111111001111000100010111110111011101000010110100101111001011010111010001101001111111110011110010110101111100011111111101110100000011010100100111111001111111110011110001000101111101110100110110000101100101110100110111001101111110011111111100101100011111011000100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110110111100111111001111110011111100111111111011101000011110011101111011111011111010000110111001011010111110101100111011111011110110111101111010001001001010010100001111110011111111101110100000011010100100111111001111111110011110001000101111101110111010000101101001011110010110101110100011010011111111100111100101101011111000111111111011101000000110101001001111110011111111100111100010001011111011101001101100001011001011101001101110011011111100111111111001011000111110110001001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110110111100111111001111110011111100111111111011101000011110011101111011111011111010000110111001011010111110101100111011111011110110111101111010001001001010010100001111110011111111101110100000011010100100111111001111111110011110001000101111101110111010000101101001011110010110101110100011010011111111100111100101101011111000111111111011101000000110101001001111110011111111100111100010001011111011101001101100001011001011101001101110011011111100111111111001011000111110110001001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111???????????????????????????o????張앾푺野э슬嗚볻?墻⅝?連어뀯若뛁厭쐬墻⅝?連얗갛埇엌厓괄???????????????????????????????????????o????張앾푺野э슬嗚볻?墻⅝?連어뀯若뛁厭쐬墻⅝?連얗갛埇엌厓괄???????????????????????????????????????????????????o????張앾푺野э슬嗚볻?墻⅝?連어뀯若뛁厭쐬墻⅝?連얗갛埇엌厓괄???????????????????????????????????????o????張앾푺野э슬嗚볻?墻⅝?連어뀯若뛁厭쐬墻⅝?連얗갛埇엌厓괄????????????????????????????????????????????????????o????張앾푺野э슬嗚볻?墻⅝?連어뀯若뛁厭쐬墻⅝?連얗갛埇엌厓괄???????????????????????????????????????o????張앾푺野э슬嗚볻?墻⅝?連어뀯若뛁厭쐬墻⅝?連얗갛埇엌厓괄?????????????????????????????