同じビット列が文字コードによってどんな文字に解釈されるか

ビット列:
2進表現  16進表現 
文字コードビット列表示される文字
ISO-8859-100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111111100001110100110110000101000010011000010101111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111111000011101001011100001010101010110000101001101111000011101000101100001010001000110000101010100000111111110000111010011011000010100001001100001010111111001111110011111111000011101001101100001010000100110000101011111100111111001111111100001110100110110000101000010011000010101111110011111100111111110000111010011011000010100001001100001010111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111111000011101001101100001010000100110000101011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111111100001110100110110000101000010011000010101111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111111000011101001011100001010101010110000101001101111000011101000101100001010001000110000101010100000111111110000111010011011000010100001001100001010111111001111110011111111000011101001101100001010000100110000101011111100111111001111111100001110100110110000101000010011000010101111110011111100111111110000111010011011000010100001001100001010111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111111000011101001101100001010000100110000101011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111101001110001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111110000111010011011000010100001001100001010111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111111100001110100101110000101010101011000010100110111100001110100010110000101000100011000010101010000011111111000011101001101100001010000100110000101011111100111111001111111100001110100110110000101000010011000010101111110011111100111111110000111010011011000010100001001100001010111111001111110011111111000011101001101100001010000100110000101011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111111100001110100110110000101000010011000010101111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111110000111010011011000010100001001100001010111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111111100001110100101110000101010101011000010100110111100001110100010110000101000100011000010101010000011111111000011101001101100001010000100110000101011111100111111001111111100001110100110110000101000010011000010101111110011111100111111110000111010011011000010100001001100001010111111001111110011111111000011101001101100001010000100110000101011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111111100001110100110110000101000010011000010101111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????愿???????媛∨?愿??愿??愿??愿?????愿???????????????????????????????????愿???????媛∨?愿??愿??愿??愿?????愿????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????N?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????愿???????媛∨?愿??愿??愿??愿?????愿???????????????????????????????????愿???????媛∨?愿??愿??愿??愿?????愿????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
SJIS-WIN00111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111111100001110100110110000101000010011000010101111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111111000011101001011100001010101010110000101001101111000011101000101100001010001000110000101010100000111111110000111010011011000010100001001100001010111111001111110011111111000011101001101100001010000100110000101011111100111111001111111100001110100110110000101000010011000010101111110011111100111111110000111010011011000010100001001100001010111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111111000011101001101100001010000100110000101011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111111100001110100110110000101000010011000010101111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111111000011101001011100001010101010110000101001101111000011101000101100001010001000110000101010100000111111110000111010011011000010100001001100001010111111001111110011111111000011101001101100001010000100110000101011111100111111001111111100001110100110110000101000010011000010101111110011111100111111110000111010011011000010100001001100001010111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111111000011101001101100001010000100110000101011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111101001110001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111110000111010011011000010100001001100001010111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111111100001110100101110000101010101011000010100110111100001110100010110000101000100011000010101010000011111111000011101001101100001010000100110000101011111100111111001111111100001110100110110000101000010011000010101111110011111100111111110000111010011011000010100001001100001010111111001111110011111111000011101001101100001010000100110000101011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111111100001110100110110000101000010011000010101111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111110000111010011011000010100001001100001010111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111111100001110100101110000101010101011000010100110111100001110100010110000101000100011000010101010000011111111000011101001101100001010000100110000101011111100111111001111111100001110100110110000101000010011000010101111110011111100111111110000111010011011000010100001001100001010111111001111110011111111000011101001101100001010000100110000101011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111111100001110100110110000101000010011000010101111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????ﾃｦﾂ?ｿ???????ﾃ･ﾂｪﾂ崚｢ﾂ按ｨ?ﾃｦﾂ?ｿ??ﾃｦﾂ?ｿ??ﾃｦﾂ?ｿ??ﾃｦﾂ?ｿ?????ﾃｦﾂ?ｿ???????????????????????????????????ﾃｦﾂ?ｿ???????ﾃ･ﾂｪﾂ崚｢ﾂ按ｨ?ﾃｦﾂ?ｿ??ﾃｦﾂ?ｿ??ﾃｦﾂ?ｿ??ﾃｦﾂ?ｿ?????ﾃｦﾂ?ｿ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????N?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????ﾃｦﾂ?ｿ???????ﾃ･ﾂｪﾂ崚｢ﾂ按ｨ?ﾃｦﾂ?ｿ??ﾃｦﾂ?ｿ??ﾃｦﾂ?ｿ??ﾃｦﾂ?ｿ?????ﾃｦﾂ?ｿ???????????????????????????????????ﾃｦﾂ?ｿ???????ﾃ･ﾂｪﾂ崚｢ﾂ按ｨ?ﾃｦﾂ?ｿ??ﾃｦﾂ?ｿ??ﾃｦﾂ?ｿ??ﾃｦﾂ?ｿ?????ﾃｦﾂ?ｿ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
EUC-JP00111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111111100001110100110110000101000010011000010101111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111111000011101001011100001010101010110000101001101111000011101000101100001010001000110000101010100000111111110000111010011011000010100001001100001010111111001111110011111111000011101001101100001010000100110000101011111100111111001111111100001110100110110000101000010011000010101111110011111100111111110000111010011011000010100001001100001010111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111111000011101001101100001010000100110000101011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111111100001110100110110000101000010011000010101111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111111000011101001011100001010101010110000101001101111000011101000101100001010001000110000101010100000111111110000111010011011000010100001001100001010111111001111110011111111000011101001101100001010000100110000101011111100111111001111111100001110100110110000101000010011000010101111110011111100111111110000111010011011000010100001001100001010111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111111000011101001101100001010000100110000101011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111101001110001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111110000111010011011000010100001001100001010111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111111100001110100101110000101010101011000010100110111100001110100010110000101000100011000010101010000011111111000011101001101100001010000100110000101011111100111111001111111100001110100110110000101000010011000010101111110011111100111111110000111010011011000010100001001100001010111111001111110011111111000011101001101100001010000100110000101011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111111100001110100110110000101000010011000010101111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111110000111010011011000010100001001100001010111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111111100001110100101110000101010101011000010100110111100001110100010110000101000100011000010101010000011111111000011101001101100001010000100110000101011111100111111001111111100001110100110110000101000010011000010101111110011111100111111110000111010011011000010100001001100001010111111001111110011111111000011101001101100001010000100110000101011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111111100001110100110110000101000010011000010101111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????脱?多???????奪捉?但?即?脱?多??脱?多??脱?多??脱?多?????脱?多???????????????????????????????????脱?多???????奪捉?但?即?脱?多??脱?多??脱?多??脱?多?????脱?多????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????N?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????脱?多???????奪捉?但?即?脱?多??脱?多??脱?多??脱?多?????脱?多???????????????????????????????????脱?多???????奪捉?但?即?脱?多??脱?多??脱?多??脱?多?????脱?多????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
UTF-800111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111111100001110100110110000101000010011000010101111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111111000011101001011100001010101010110000101001101111000011101000101100001010001000110000101010100000111111110000111010011011000010100001001100001010111111001111110011111111000011101001101100001010000100110000101011111100111111001111111100001110100110110000101000010011000010101111110011111100111111110000111010011011000010100001001100001010111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111111000011101001101100001010000100110000101011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111111100001110100110110000101000010011000010101111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111111000011101001011100001010101010110000101001101111000011101000101100001010001000110000101010100000111111110000111010011011000010100001001100001010111111001111110011111111000011101001101100001010000100110000101011111100111111001111111100001110100110110000101000010011000010101111110011111100111111110000111010011011000010100001001100001010111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111111000011101001101100001010000100110000101011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111101001110001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111110000111010011011000010100001001100001010111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111111100001110100101110000101010101011000010100110111100001110100010110000101000100011000010101010000011111111000011101001101100001010000100110000101011111100111111001111111100001110100110110000101000010011000010101111110011111100111111110000111010011011000010100001001100001010111111001111110011111111000011101001101100001010000100110000101011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111111100001110100110110000101000010011000010101111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111110000111010011011000010100001001100001010111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111111100001110100101110000101010101011000010100110111100001110100010110000101000100011000010101010000011111111000011101001101100001010000100110000101011111100111111001111111100001110100110110000101000010011000010101111110011111100111111110000111010011011000010100001001100001010111111001111110011111111000011101001101100001010000100110000101011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111111100001110100110110000101000010011000010101111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????愿???????媛∨?愿??愿??愿??愿?????愿???????????????????????????????????愿???????媛∨?愿??愿??愿??愿?????愿????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????N?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????愿???????媛∨?愿??愿??愿??愿?????愿???????????????????????????????????愿???????媛∨?愿??愿??愿??愿?????愿????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
UHC00111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111111100001110100110110000101000010011000010101111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111111000011101001011100001010101010110000101001101111000011101000101100001010001000110000101010100000111111110000111010011011000010100001001100001010111111001111110011111111000011101001101100001010000100110000101011111100111111001111111100001110100110110000101000010011000010101111110011111100111111110000111010011011000010100001001100001010111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111111000011101001101100001010000100110000101011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111111100001110100110110000101000010011000010101111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111111000011101001011100001010101010110000101001101111000011101000101100001010001000110000101010100000111111110000111010011011000010100001001100001010111111001111110011111111000011101001101100001010000100110000101011111100111111001111111100001110100110110000101000010011000010101111110011111100111111110000111010011011000010100001001100001010111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111111000011101001101100001010000100110000101011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111101001110001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111110000111010011011000010100001001100001010111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111111100001110100101110000101010101011000010100110111100001110100010110000101000100011000010101010000011111111000011101001101100001010000100110000101011111100111111001111111100001110100110110000101000010011000010101111110011111100111111110000111010011011000010100001001100001010111111001111110011111111000011101001101100001010000100110000101011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111111100001110100110110000101000010011000010101111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111110000111010011011000010100001001100001010111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111111100001110100101110000101010101011000010100110111100001110100010110000101000100011000010101010000011111111000011101001101100001010000100110000101011111100111111001111111100001110100110110000101000010011000010101111110011111100111111110000111010011011000010100001001100001010111111001111110011111111000011101001101100001010000100110000101011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111111100001110100110110000101000010011000010101111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????챈혙쩔???????책짧혴창혞짢?챈혙쩔??챈혙쩔??챈혙쩔??챈혙쩔?????챈혙쩔???????????????????????????????????챈혙쩔???????책짧혴창혞짢?챈혙쩔??챈혙쩔??챈혙쩔??챈혙쩔?????챈혙쩔????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????N?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????챈혙쩔???????책짧혴창혞짢?챈혙쩔??챈혙쩔??챈혙쩔??챈혙쩔?????챈혙쩔???????????????????????????????????챈혙쩔???????책짧혴창혞짢?챈혙쩔??챈혙쩔??챈혙쩔??챈혙쩔?????챈혙쩔????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????