ビット列から文字へ

同じビット列が文字コードによってどんな文字に解釈されるか

文字コード	ビット列	表示される文字
ISO-8859-1	00111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111111011011011101110101001001011010100111111100011101010000100111111101101101110110110001110101101111000111010111000001111111101000011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010110110100011101011111000111111101111001111000110001110101001111011011011101110001111111000111010101011001111111011011011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010101111100011101010100100111111001111110011111100111111001111111011011011101110101001001011010100111111100011101010000100111111101101101110110110001110101101111000111010111000001111111101000011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010110110100011101011111000111111101111001111000110001110101001111011011011101110001111111000111010101011001111111011011011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010101111100011101010100100111111101101101111000110001110101001111011011011101101110011101010110100111111101111001111000110001110101001111011011011101110101101101011010000111111101101101110100010001110101010101011101011101100100011101011101110110100111011100011111111010000111100011000111010100111101101101110111010100100101101010011111111010110111100011000111010100111101101101110110110001110101110001011101011101110001111111100100011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010111000101110101110111000111111100011101011110100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111010011100011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111111011011011101110101001001011010100111111100011101010000100111111101101101110110110001110101101111000111010111000001111111101000011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010110110100011101011111000111111101111001111000110001110101001111011011011101110001111111000111010101011001111111011011011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010101111100011101010100100111111001111110011111100111111001111111011011011101110101001001011010100111111100011101010000100111111101101101110110110001110101101111000111010111000001111111101000011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010110110100011101011111000111111101111001111000110001110101001111011011011101110001111111000111010101011001111111011011011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010101111100011101010100100111111101101101111000110001110101001111011011011101101110011101010110100111111101111001111000110001110101001111011011011101110101101101011010000111111101101101110100010001110101010101011101011101100100011101011101110110100111011100011111111010000111100011000111010100111101101101110111010100100101101010011111111010110111100011000111010100111101101101110110110001110101110001011101011101110001111111100100011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010111000101110101110111000111111100011101011110100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111	?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????¶î¤µ?¡?¶í·¸?Ðñ§¶í¶¾?¼ñ§¶î?«?¶ñ§¶í¯©?????¶î¤µ?¡?¶í·¸?Ðñ§¶í¶¾?¼ñ§¶î?«?¶ñ§¶í¯©?¶ñ§¶íÎ?¼ñ§¶î¶´?¶èªºì»´î?Ðñ§¶î¤µ?Öñ§¶í¸ºî?Èñ§¶í¸ºî?½????????????????????????????????????????????????????N???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????¶î¤µ?¡?¶í·¸?Ðñ§¶í¶¾?¼ñ§¶î?«?¶ñ§¶í¯©?????¶î¤µ?¡?¶í·¸?Ðñ§¶í¶¾?¼ñ§¶î?«?¶ñ§¶í¯©?¶ñ§¶íÎ?¼ñ§¶î¶´?¶èªºì»´î?Ðñ§¶î¤µ?Öñ§¶í¸ºî?Èñ§¶í¸ºî?½????????????????????????????
SJIS-WIN	00111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111111011011011101110101001001011010100111111100011101010000100111111101101101110110110001110101101111000111010111000001111111101000011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010110110100011101011111000111111101111001111000110001110101001111011011011101110001111111000111010101011001111111011011011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010101111100011101010100100111111001111110011111100111111001111111011011011101110101001001011010100111111100011101010000100111111101101101110110110001110101101111000111010111000001111111101000011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010110110100011101011111000111111101111001111000110001110101001111011011011101110001111111000111010101011001111111011011011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010101111100011101010100100111111101101101111000110001110101001111011011011101101110011101010110100111111101111001111000110001110101001111011011011101110101101101011010000111111101101101110100010001110101010101011101011101100100011101011101110110100111011100011111111010000111100011000111010100111101101101110111010100100101101010011111111010110111100011000111010100111101101101110110110001110101110001011101011101110001111111100100011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010111000101110101110111000111111100011101011110100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111010011100011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111111011011011101110101001001011010100111111100011101010000100111111101101101110110110001110101101111000111010111000001111111101000011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010110110100011101011111000111111101111001111000110001110101001111011011011101110001111111000111010101011001111111011011011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010101111100011101010100100111111001111110011111100111111001111111011011011101110101001001011010100111111100011101010000100111111101101101110110110001110101101111000111010111000001111111101000011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010110110100011101011111000111111101111001111000110001110101001111011011011101110001111111000111010101011001111111011011011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010101111100011101010100100111111101101101111000110001110101001111011011011101101110011101010110100111111101111001111000110001110101001111011011011101110101101101011010000111111101101101110100010001110101010101011101011101100100011101011101110110100111011100011111111010000111100011000111010100111101101101110111010100100101101010011111111010110111100011000111010100111101101101110110110001110101110001011101011101110001111111100100011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010111000101110101110111000111111100011101011110100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111	?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????ｶ釥ｵ?治?ｶ寬ｷ失?ﾐｧｶ寬ｶ疾?ｼｧｶ?辞?ｶｧｶ寬ｯ自?????ｶ釥ｵ?治?ｶ寬ｷ失?ﾐｧｶ寬ｶ疾?ｼｧｶ?辞?ｶｧｶ寬ｯ自?ｶｧｶ﨔ｭ?ｼｧｶ鋐ｴ?ｶ闔ｪｺ?ｻｴ?ﾐｧｶ釥ｵ?ﾖｧｶ寬ｸｺ?ﾈｧｶ寬ｸｺ?漆????????????????????????????????????????????????????N???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????ｶ釥ｵ?治?ｶ寬ｷ失?ﾐｧｶ寬ｶ疾?ｼｧｶ?辞?ｶｧｶ寬ｯ自?????ｶ釥ｵ?治?ｶ寬ｷ失?ﾐｧｶ寬ｶ疾?ｼｧｶ?辞?ｶｧｶ寬ｯ自?ｶｧｶ﨔ｭ?ｼｧｶ鋐ｴ?ｶ闔ｪｺ?ｻｴ?ﾐｧｶ釥ｵ?ﾖｧｶ寬ｸｺ?ﾈｧｶ寬ｸｺ?漆????????????????????????????
EUC-JP	00111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111111011011011101110101001001011010100111111100011101010000100111111101101101110110110001110101101111000111010111000001111111101000011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010110110100011101011111000111111101111001111000110001110101001111011011011101110001111111000111010101011001111111011011011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010101111100011101010100100111111001111110011111100111111001111111011011011101110101001001011010100111111100011101010000100111111101101101110110110001110101101111000111010111000001111111101000011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010110110100011101011111000111111101111001111000110001110101001111011011011101110001111111000111010101011001111111011011011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010101111100011101010100100111111101101101111000110001110101001111011011011101101110011101010110100111111101111001111000110001110101001111011011011101110101101101011010000111111101101101110100010001110101010101011101011101100100011101011101110110100111011100011111111010000111100011000111010100111101101101110111010100100101101010011111111010110111100011000111010100111101101101110110110001110101110001011101011101110001111111100100011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010111000101110101110111000111111100011101011110100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111010011100011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111111011011011101110101001001011010100111111100011101010000100111111101101101110110110001110101101111000111010111000001111111101000011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010110110100011101011111000111111101111001111000110001110101001111011011011101110001111111000111010101011001111111011011011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010101111100011101010100100111111001111110011111100111111001111111011011011101110101001001011010100111111100011101010000100111111101101101110110110001110101101111000111010111000001111111101000011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010110110100011101011111000111111101111001111000110001110101001111011011011101110001111111000111010101011001111111011011011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010101111100011101010100100111111101101101111000110001110101001111011011011101101110011101010110100111111101111001111000110001110101001111011011011101110101101101011010000111111101101101110100010001110101010101011101011101100100011101011101110110100111011100011111111010000111100011000111010100111101101101110111010100100101101010011111111010110111100011000111010100111101101101110110110001110101110001011101011101110001111111100100011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010111000101110101110111000111111100011101011110100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111	?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????駆さ?｡?躯ｷｸ?假ｧ躯ｶｾ?趣ｧ駆?ｫ?具ｧ躯ｯｩ?????駆さ?｡?躯ｷｸ?假ｧ躯ｶｾ?趣ｧ駆?ｫ?具ｧ躯ｯｩ?具ｧ躯劉?趣ｧ駆挟?区ｪ碕ｻ喜?假ｧ駆さ?幢ｧ躯ｸ作?費ｧ躯ｸ作?ｽ????????????????????????????????????????????????????N???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????駆さ?｡?躯ｷｸ?假ｧ躯ｶｾ?趣ｧ駆?ｫ?具ｧ躯ｯｩ?????駆さ?｡?躯ｷｸ?假ｧ躯ｶｾ?趣ｧ駆?ｫ?具ｧ躯ｯｩ?具ｧ躯劉?趣ｧ駆挟?区ｪ碕ｻ喜?假ｧ駆さ?幢ｧ躯ｸ作?費ｧ躯ｸ作?ｽ????????????????????????????
UTF-8	00111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111111011011011101110101001001011010100111111100011101010000100111111101101101110110110001110101101111000111010111000001111111101000011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010110110100011101011111000111111101111001111000110001110101001111011011011101110001111111000111010101011001111111011011011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010101111100011101010100100111111001111110011111100111111001111111011011011101110101001001011010100111111100011101010000100111111101101101110110110001110101101111000111010111000001111111101000011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010110110100011101011111000111111101111001111000110001110101001111011011011101110001111111000111010101011001111111011011011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010101111100011101010100100111111101101101111000110001110101001111011011011101101110011101010110100111111101111001111000110001110101001111011011011101110101101101011010000111111101101101110100010001110101010101011101011101100100011101011101110110100111011100011111111010000111100011000111010100111101101101110111010100100101101010011111111010110111100011000111010100111101101101110110110001110101110001011101011101110001111111100100011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010111000101110101110111000111111100011101011110100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111010011100011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111111011011011101110101001001011010100111111100011101010000100111111101101101110110110001110101101111000111010111000001111111101000011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010110110100011101011111000111111101111001111000110001110101001111011011011101110001111111000111010101011001111111011011011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010101111100011101010100100111111001111110011111100111111001111111011011011101110101001001011010100111111100011101010000100111111101101101110110110001110101101111000111010111000001111111101000011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010110110100011101011111000111111101111001111000110001110101001111011011011101110001111111000111010101011001111111011011011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010101111100011101010100100111111101101101111000110001110101001111011011011101101110011101010110100111111101111001111000110001110101001111011011011101110101101101011010000111111101101101110100010001110101010101011101011101100100011101011101110110100111011100011111111010000111100011000111010100111101101101110111010100100101101010011111111010110111100011000111010100111101101101110110110001110101110001011101011101110001111111100100011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010111000101110101110111000111111100011101011110100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111	???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????펷????񎧶펶????񎧶??????񎧶펯?????????????펷????񎧶펶????񎧶??????񎧶펯????񎧶?έ??񎧶??莪?쎻????񎧶??񎧶편????񎧶편?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????N?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????펷????񎧶펶????񎧶??????񎧶펯?????????????펷????񎧶펶????񎧶??????񎧶펯????񎧶?έ??񎧶??莪?쎻????񎧶??񎧶편????񎧶편?????????????????????????????????
UHC	00111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111111011011011101110101001001011010100111111100011101010000100111111101101101110110110001110101101111000111010111000001111111101000011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010110110100011101011111000111111101111001111000110001110101001111011011011101110001111111000111010101011001111111011011011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010101111100011101010100100111111001111110011111100111111001111111011011011101110101001001011010100111111100011101010000100111111101101101110110110001110101101111000111010111000001111111101000011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010110110100011101011111000111111101111001111000110001110101001111011011011101110001111111000111010101011001111111011011011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010101111100011101010100100111111101101101111000110001110101001111011011011101101110011101010110100111111101111001111000110001110101001111011011011101110101101101011010000111111101101101110100010001110101010101011101011101100100011101011101110110100111011100011111111010000111100011000111010100111101101101110111010100100101101010011111111010110111100011000111010100111101101101110110110001110101110001011101011101110001111111100100011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010111000101110101110111000111111100011101011110100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111010011100011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111111011011011101110101001001011010100111111100011101010000100111111101101101110110110001110101101111000111010111000001111111101000011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010110110100011101011111000111111101111001111000110001110101001111011011011101110001111111000111010101011001111111011011011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010101111100011101010100100111111001111110011111100111111001111111011011011101110101001001011010100111111100011101010000100111111101101101110110110001110101101111000111010111000001111111101000011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010110110100011101011111000111111101111001111000110001110101001111011011011101110001111111000111010101011001111111011011011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010101111100011101010100100111111101101101111000110001110101001111011011011101101110011101010110100111111101111001111000110001110101001111011011011101110101101101011010000111111101101101110100010001110101010101011101011101100100011101011101110110100111011100011111111010000111100011000111010100111101101101110111010100100101101010011111111010110111100011000111010100111101101101110110110001110101110001011101011101110001111111100100011110001100011101010011110110110111011011000111010111000101110101110111000111111100011101011110100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111001111110011111100111111	?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????띨ㅅ?렊?띤렩렪?基렒띤렧렱?숄렒띨?렖?띳렒띤렞렔?????띨ㅅ?렊?띤렩렪?基렒띤렧렱?숄렒띨?렖?띳렒띤렞렔?띳렒띤串?숄렒띨떪?띈렕븐렮댈?基렒띨ㅅ?賂렒띤렪븜?희렒띤렪븜?렰????????????????????????????????????????????????????N???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????띨ㅅ?렊?띤렩렪?基렒띤렧렱?숄렒띨?렖?띳렒띤렞렔?????띨ㅅ?렊?띤렩렪?基렒띤렧렱?숄렒띨?렖?띳렒띤렞렔?띳렒띤串?숄렒띨떪?띈렕븐렮댈?基렒띨ㅅ?賂렒띤렪븜?희렒띤렪븜?렰????????????????????????????